![]() ![]() This simple isolation can lead to depression and anxiety. The largest cause of stress identified is the separation of an agent from friends, family and his normal environment. Undercover work is one of the most stressful jobs a special agent can undertake. Living a double life in a new environment presents many problems. The first is the maintenance of identity and the second is the reintegration back into normal duty. There are two principal problems that can affect agents working in undercover roles. Unfortunately, most other legislation surrounding authorized criminality is not uniform and is a patchwork of federal and state laws. The FBI requires that such activities must be sanctioned and necessary for the investigation they also stipulate that agents may not instigate criminal activity (to avoid entrapment) or participate in violence except for self-defense or the defense of others. However, these crimes must be necessary to advance the investigation otherwise they may be prosecutable like any other crime. These criminal activities are primarily used to "provide opportunities for the suspect to engage in the target crime" and to maintain or bolster their cover identity. Joh defined the term authorized criminality to describe this phenomenon, which she restricts primarily to undercover law enforcement officers, excluding confidential informants. Undercover agents may engage in criminal activities as part of their investigation. Secret police forces in the Eastern Bloc also used undercover operatives. Various federal agencies began their own undercover programs shortly afterwards – Charles Joseph Bonaparte founded the Bureau of Investigation, the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in 1908. In the United States, a similar route was taken when the New York City Police Department under police commissioner William McAdoo established the Italian Squad in 1906 to combat rampant crime and intimidation in the poor Italian neighborhoods. Law enforcement agencies elsewhere established similar Branches. Its name was changed to Special Branch as it had its remit gradually expanded to incorporate a general role in counter terrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating organized crime. This pioneering branch became the first to receive training in counter-terrorism techniques. The first Special Branch of police was the Special Irish Branch, formed as a section of the Criminal Investigation Department of the MPS in London in 1883, initially to combat the bombing campaign that the Irish Republican Brotherhood had begun a few years earlier. Special Branch detectives on an undercover operation at the London Docks, 1911 It was only in 1869 that Police commissioner Edmund Henderson established a formal plainclothes detective division. In part due to these concerns, the 1845 official Police Orders required all undercover operations to be specifically authorized by the superintendent. From the start, the force occasionally employed plainclothes undercover detectives, but there was much public anxiety that its powers were being used for the purpose of political repression. In England, the first modern police force was established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel as the Metropolitan Police of London. ![]() At one point, he even simulated his own death. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old cuckold. He himself went out hunting for criminals too. Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates comprised ex-criminals like himself. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. One year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. At the end of 1811 Vidocq set up an informal plainclothes unit, the Brigade de la Sûreté ("Security Brigade"), which was later converted to a security police unit under the Prefecture of Police. Law enforcement has carried out undercover work in a variety of ways throughout the course of history, but Eugène François Vidocq (1775–1857) developed the first organized (though informal) undercover program in France in the early 19th century, from the late First Empire through most of the Bourbon Restoration period of 1814 to 1830.
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